![]() ![]() The odontoid fracture can also occur with hyperflexion of the cervical spine. The most common mechanism of injury is a hyperextension of the cervical spine, pushing the head and C1 vertebrae backward. If the energy mechanism and resulting force are high enough (or the patient's bone density is compromised secondary to osteopenia/osteoporosis), the odontoid will fracture with varying displacement and degrees of comminution. In the elderly population, the trauma can occur after lower energy impacts such as falls from a standing position. In younger patients, they are typically the result of high-energy trauma, which occurs as a result of a motor vehicle or diving accident. Odontoid fractures occur as a result of trauma to the cervical spine. Fracture of the odontoid process is classified into one of three types: type I, type II, or type III fractures, depending on the location and morphology of the fracture. The first cervical vertebrae (atlas) rotates around the odontoid process to provide the largest single component of lateral rotation of the cervical spine. The odontoid process, or dens, is a superior projecting bony element from the second cervical vertebrae (C2, or the axis). Discuss the importance of interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to aid in prompt diagnosis of C2 odontoid fracture and improving outcomes in patients diagnosed with the condition.Summarize the treatment and management strategies available for C2 odontoid fractures based on the specific fracture type.Discuss the components of proper evaluation and assessment of a patient presenting with a potential odontoid process fracture, including any indicated imaging studies.Describe the unique vertebral anatomy of the second cervical vertebra (axis), including the odontoid process.This activity reviews the etiology, presentation, evaluation, and management of fractures of the C2 dens and reviews the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating, diagnosing, and managing the condition. The most common mechanism of injury is a hyperextension of the cervical spine, pushing the head and C1 vertebrae backward. Fracture of the odontoid process is classified into one of three types, which are type I, type II, or type III fractures, depending on the location and morphology of the fracture. ![]() ![]()
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Accents and Dialects Master Class with Eliza SchneiderĮxclusive offer for Carrie Olsen Voiceover readers… ![]() 7/1/2023 0 Comments Gpg suite from gpg tools![]() since GnuPG 2.1).Īs of 2.3 or 2.2 versions, GnuPG supports the following algorithms: More recent releases of GnuPG 2.x ("modern" and the now deprecated "stable" series) expose most cryptographic functions and algorithms Libgcrypt (its cryptography library) provides, including support for elliptic curve cryptography (ECDH, ECDSA and EdDSA) in the "modern" series (i.e. Support of IDEA is intended "to get rid of all the questions from folks either trying to decrypt old data or migrating keys from PGP to GnuPG", and hence is not recommended for regular use. Starting with versions 1.4.13 and 2.0.20, GnuPG supports IDEA because the last patent of IDEA expired in 2012. It was in fact possible to use IDEA in GnuPG by downloading a plugin for it, however, this might require a license for some uses in countries in which IDEA was patented. įor a long time, it did not support the IDEA encryption algorithm used in PGP. Instead, GnuPG uses a variety of other, non-patented algorithms. GnuPG does not use patented or otherwise restricted software or algorithms. By default, GnuPG uses the AES symmetrical algorithm since version 2.1, CAST5 was used in earlier versions. GnuPG also supports symmetric encryption algorithms. It is also possible to add a cryptographic digital signature to a message, so the message integrity and sender can be verified, if a particular correspondence relied upon has not been corrupted. They must always be exchanged carefully to prevent identity spoofing by corrupting public key ↔ "owner" identity correspondences. The resulting public keys may be exchanged with other users in a variety of ways, such as Internet key servers. GnuPG encrypts messages using asymmetric key pairs individually generated by GnuPG users. The GnuPG 1.x series uses an integrated cryptographic library, while the GnuPG 2.x series replaces this with Libgcrypt. This mode of operation is part of the OpenPGP standard and has been part of PGP from its first version. GnuPG is a hybrid-encryption software program because it uses a combination of conventional symmetric-key cryptography for speed, and public-key cryptography for ease of secure key exchange, typically by using the recipient's public key to encrypt a session key which is used only once. GnuPG is part of the GNU Project and received major funding from the German government in 1999. Modern versions of PGP are interoperable with GnuPG and other OpenPGP-compliant systems. The software is compliant with RFC 4880, the IETF standards-track specification of OpenPGP. GNU Privacy Guard ( GnuPG or GPG) is a free-software replacement for Symantec's PGP cryptographic software suite. ![]() Microsoft Windows, macOS, RISC OS, Android, Linux ![]() |